Who Trades Forex? Liquidity & Participants
Lub Loj Thiab Kev loj hlob Ntawm Forex
Nrog ib tug trading volume tshaj $ 4 trillion ib hnub twg, Forex yog qhov loj tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau ua kua lag luam nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub volume pauv nyob rau hauv Forex yog li ntawd siab hais tias tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv no muaj nyob rau, tab sis yog txhua txhua peb lub xyoos cov BIS (Bank ntawm International koom) luam tawm phau ntawv soj ntsuam ib daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas nrog loj ua lag luam koom thiab ua ib qho kev kwv yees raws li cov lus teb tau.
| Thoob ntiajteb txauv chaw ua lag luam turnover, los ntawm kev ntsuas | |||||
| Qhov nruab nrab txhua hnub cov khoom poob hauv lub Plaub Hlis, hauv billions ntawm Teb Chaws Asmeskas las | |||||
| ntsuas | 1998 | 2001 | 2004 | 2007 | 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Txawv teb chaws pauv seev | 1,527 | 1,239 | 1,934 | 3,324 | 3,981 |
| Spot muas | 598 | 386 | 631 | 1,005 | 1,490 |
| outright forwards | 128 | 130 | 209 | 362 | 475 |
| Txawv teb chaws Txauv swaps | 734 | 656 | 954 | 1,714 | 1,765 |
| txiaj swaps | 10 | 7 | 21 | 31 | 43 |
| Options thiab lwm yam khoom | 87 | 60 | 119 | 212 | 207 |
Cov lus saum toj no qhia txog qhov kev hloov pauv txhua xyoo hauv cov thoob ntiaj teb ntau dua kaum tsib xyoos dhau los, loj hlob los ntawm 0.8 trillion nyob rau 1992 txog 3.9 trillion los ntawm 2010, muab ntau tshaj peb zaug hauv qhov loj me. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias Forex tau nthuav dav ntau heev txij li Thawj Tswj Hwm Nixon kaw lub qhov rooj kub thiab cov nyiaj tau ploj mus deb ntawm vis-vis-vis lwm yam kev ua lag luam thiab cov tub ceev xwm yuav tau txais nyiaj. Tab sis qhov "kub maj" tiag tiag hauv kev pauv nyiaj txiaj tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo 10 xyoo dhau los, ua tsaug rau hauv is taws nem, Euro tshiab, thiab cov kev tswj hwm hluav taws xob tshiab tau txo nqi kev lag luam thiab nce kev ua lag luam yooj yim. Ob qho tib si loj thiab cov tub luam me tau hnov tias Forex ceev tau dhau los ua kev nthuav dav thiab pheej yig dua kev lag luam thiab tau txav mus ntau ntawm lawv cov peev hauv nws.
Cia li mus muab qhov $ 4 trillion hnub lw ntim rau hauv foundations, nws yog 100 lub sij hawm loj tshaj tag nrho cov Tshuag-exchanges ua ke. Thiab yog hais tias koj piv rau lub $ 25 billion ib hnub ntim ntawm lub New York Tshuag Exchange, koj xav nyob rau hauv lub irony ntawm yuav ua li cas yog tias stocks muaj xws enormous chaw, thaum Forex yog tseem yog ib tug alien tswvyim rau cov neeg feem coob.
Yuav ua li cas yog cov kev pab cuam kom muaj no zoo kawg hnub lw volume?
Liquidity Advantage!
Peb, cov me me khw muag khoom cov tub luam, nce PEB pab cuam los ntawm muaj no kev ua lag luam ua tus loj tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau ua kua nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no:
- Tam sim ntawd tiav: Siab liquidity translates rau hauv tam sim ntawd sau rau ntawm tiav. min ncua.
- Tiav ntawm kev tsim nqi: Siab liquidity translates rau hauv peb puv npo ntawm kev tsim nqi. min slippage (Tshwj thaum lub sij hawm tseem ceeb heev cov xov xwm tshaj tawm).
- Tsis muaj ib tug qhov chaw yuav tswj los yog tsiv mus nyob rau kev ua lag luam.
Yog hais tias Forex Yog li ntawd, Loj, Yog vim li cas Yog tsis Forex Raws li Nrov Raws li Lub Tshuag lag luam?
Ob yam. Nws tsis yog li qub, thiab nws tsuas yog nyuam qhuav dhau los ua kev nkag tau rau cov tub luam me me "khw muag khoom".
Ua ntej, lub loj teev speculation rau lub free floating exchange rate of currencies has been a relatively new trading enterprise, starting more or less in 1971 after the breakup of the Bretton Woods monetary system that had pegged (“fixed”) major currencies to the US Dollar (which was itself supposedly convertible to gold). In August 1971, Nixon terminated the convertibility to gold, which ended the fixed, “gold backed” system's 26 year life (1945-1971), and allowed currencies once more to be free floating thiab tsuas yog ntawv raws (fiat). Lub New York Tshuag Txauv (NYSE) nyob rau hauv sib piv tau ib ncig txij li thaum 17, 1792, uas muab nws ib 179 lub xyoo pib lub taub hau.
Ntxiv mus, txawm tias speculation rau free floating currencies has been around since 1971, it wasn’t until about 1996 that private (retail) clients could trade it. Only the very rich, such as banks and hedge funds, had access to trade it. But luckily for us there were changes afoot that allowed us an entry into this formerly exclusive rich boy's club. By 1998, the internet had increased in popularity and this led many brokers to open up shop online and allow smaller traders access the electronic trading of foreign currency pairs.
Yog li ntawd Forex yog tus tshiab rau me traders, thiab thaum nws yog ntau lub sij hawm loj thiab loj hlob exponentially sai dua lub Tshuag lag luam, nws yuav siv ib co sij hawm ua ntej yuav zoo li paub.
Leej twg ua lag luam Forex?
Ib tug ob peb xyoo dhau los, lub ntsiab koom nyob rau hauv lub Forex lag luam yog cov coj mus muag tsev txhab nyiaj uas coj txoj haujlwm tawm tsam lwm lub tsev txhab nyiaj rau ib tug ntau yam yog vim li cas (speculation, hedging, etc.), thiab npe (exporters thiab importers ntawm cov khoom thiab cov kev pab cuam) yuav siv lub tsev txhab nyiaj rau lawv txawv teb chaws pauv muas. Tag nrho cov no ua si lees paub txog 70% ntawm tag nrho cov ntim generated nyob rau hauv Forex.
Hnub no, txawm li cas los, lub lag luam tau hloov. Nrog tshiab hauj tsim thiab muaj peev xwm rau kev muas txawv teb chaws nrog rau ntau yooj yim, lwm yam tsev yog tau mus koom nrog, raws li zoo li ib tug neeg ua lag luam thiab traders.
Cov hnub speculation tso nyiaj rau ntau tshaj 95% ntawm tag nrho txhua txhua hnub kev ua si, uas txhais hais tias feem ntau ntawm cov neeg koom yuav ib lub txiaj muaj tsis muaj tswv yim uas tau txais tej txiaj. Cov muas yog ua los ntawm coj mus muag tsev nyiaj mus rau ib tug neeg ntxeev siab.
Lub ntsiab koom nyob rau hauv Forex yog: lub tsev txhab nyiaj, central ntug dej, coj mus muag tuam txhab uas muag, hedge Nyiaj, Thiab ib tug neeg ntxeev siab, Thiab lub ntsiab yog vim li cas lawv koom nyob rau hauv lub Forex lag luam yog:
- Nyiaj los ntawm hloov mus hloov los nyob rau hauv lub txiaj officers, speculating
- Kev pab tiv thaiv los ntawm fluctuating txiaj officers, derived ntawm trading khoom thiab cov kev pab cuam, hedging
- Nyiaj los ntawm rollover generated los ntawm txawv nyob rau hauv kev txaus siab nqi
Ntug dej
Muaj pua pua ntawm cov loj thiab me me ntug dej koom nyob rau hauv lub Forex lag luam nrog rau cov vim li cas rau offset lawv tus kheej txawv teb chaws pauv txaus ntshai thiab hais tias ntawm lawv cov neeg, raws li tau zoo raws li kom wealth ntawm lawv Tshuag hwj. Txhua lub tsev txhab nyiaj, txawm hais tias txawv quas, muaj ib tug soj ntsuam txog lub rooj lub luag hauj lwm rau kev txiav txim tiav, ua lag luam siab, thiab yuav raug tswj. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub soj ntsuam txog lub rooj kuj yuav ua kom profits trading txiaj ncaj qha los ntawm hedging, arbitrage, los yog ib tug txawv array ntawm cov tswv yim.
Muaj 25 loj ntug dej uas nyiaj rau feem ntau ntawm cov transacted volume, ntawm uas sab saum toj kaum yog pom hauv qab no nyob rau hauv lub rooj:
| EuroMoney FX Poll | 2012 nyob qib | Kev ua lag luam qhia tawm 2012% | PCT hloov YoY |
|---|---|---|---|
| German Bank | 1 | 14.56% | -6.91% |
| Citigroup | 2 | 12.26% | 38.06% |
| Barclays Capital | 3 | 10.95% | 1.86% |
| UBS | 4 | 10.48% | -1.04% |
| HSBC | 5 | 6.72% | 7.35% |
| JPMorgan | 6 | 6.60% | 2.64% |
| RBS | 7 | 5.86% | -5.48% |
| credit Suisse | 8 | 4.68% | -2.50% |
| Morgan Stanley | 9 | 3.52% | -3.30% |
| Goldman Sachs | 10 | 3.12% | -24.46% |
Tau qhov twg los: http://www.Euromoney.com forex daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas
Lub sab saum toj tier interbank ua lag luam tso nyiaj rau 53% ntawm tag nrho cov muas. Tom qab lawv muaj cov me ntug dej, ua raws li los ntawm multi-national corporations (uas yuav tsum tau los rhuav uas muaj feem yuav thiab them neeg ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws), loj hedge nyiaj, thiab ib co loj khw muag khoom FX kev ua lag luam makers.
Cov tsev txhab nyiaj feem ntau pom lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv cov lag luam kev lag luam los ntawm kev pom ntawm kev ua lag luam, thiab dab tsi txawv ntawm lawv cov neeg tsis koom siab yog lawv cov cim "insider" ntawm kev yuav thiab muag kev nyiam ntawm cov neeg tau txais kev pab thaum twg los tau, muab lawv cov kev paub ntau ntxiv txog kev yuav khoom thiab kev muag khoom ntawm kev sib pauv nqi. Tab sis qhov no zoo dua yog ntawm tus nqi txheeb ze, vim tsis muaj ib lub txhab nyiaj loj dua lub lag luam, thiab cov tsev khaws nyiaj yog ib qho yooj yim rau cov kev tawm tsam loj rau lawv tus kheej cov kev cia siab hauv kev lag luam thiab mus ua lag luam volatility.
Lub interbank ua lag luam yog ib tug txoj kev zoo nkauj ntawm txoj kev ntawm hais tias tus ntug dej luam nrog txhua lwm yam, uas tsis mus kawm ib central chaw ua lag luam. Lub interbank lag luam yuav zoo tshaj plaws yuav tsum to taub nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ib tug network uas muaj lub tsev txhab nyiaj thiab cov nyiaj txiag hauv tsev uas, kev cob cog rua los ntawm lawv cov kev soj ntsuam txog desks, sib pauv nqi. Qhov no interbank ua lag luam tau muaj rau ntau xyoo lawm. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lub 90 yog ib tug series ntawm cov txheej xwm unfolded (deregulation, internet, nce thoob plaws nyob rau ntawm hluav taws xob trading tes hauj lwm thiab txoj kev tshuab) uas tso cai rau rov tshwm sim ntawm cov tswv lag luam thiab brokers mus koom nyob rau hauv lub interbank ua lag luam rau peb cov sawv cev, uas peb coj kom zoo dua ntawm tshiab speculative txuj nyob rau hauv lub forex trading ntiaj teb no uas muaj ntau dua leverage, qis tsawg Kawg, thiab 24 / 7 trading.
Central Ntug dej
Central ntug dej yog loj players nyob rau hauv lub Forex lag luam, txawm hais tias lub ntsiab yog vim li cas lawv tau muab kev koom tes tsis yog rau profit tab sis, theej los pab txhawb lawv cov tsoom fwv lub ntsig txog cov kev cai (lub mov thiab muaj nyiaj) thiab los pab smooth tawm lub fluctuation ntawm tus nqi ntawm lawv cov txiaj (txaus siab nqi).
Ib tug central bank yuav cuam tshuam rau cov nram qab yog vim li cas:
- Yuav kom rov nqi stability ntawm ib tug pauv tus nqi
- Yuav kom tiv thaiv tej theem ntawm cov nqi nyob rau hauv ib tug pauv tus nqi los ntawm ib tug muaj zog sib los yog tsis txaus
- Thaum economic hom phiaj yuav tsum tau tiav (nce nqi, kev loj hlob, etc.)
Ib txhia central ntug dej muaj ntau conservative tshaj lwm leej lwm tus; ib co cuam tshuam tsis tu ncua (xws li cov Japanese Central Bank).
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntug dej yog:
- Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Reserve (US central bank)
- Lub bank ntawm Nyiv
- Lub bank ntawm ces
- Lub bank ntawm Canada
- Lub Swiss National Bank
- Cov nyob sab Europe Central Bank
- Lub zeem cia Bank ntawm teb chaws Australia
Central bank kev cuam tshuam yuav siv ob peb cov ntaub ntawv: 1) ncaj muag khoom yuav thawb cov nqi siab tshaj los yog muag los thawb cov nqi nqis; 2) tsiv cov paj laum los mus ntxiv dag zog rau cov txiaj, nqis qis; thiab 3) pib mus rau hauv kev ua lag luam thiab taw qhia tias qhov kev cuam tshuam yog ib qho kev tshwm sim, los ntawm kev tawm tswv yim rau hauv xov xwm txog nws qib siab dua rau txiaj, feem ntau txhais ua ib qho kev ua haujlwm (hu ua "jawboning").
Nyob rau hauv cov huab tshwm sim, piv txwv li, tom qab ib tug muaj zog sib los yog tsis txaus nyob rau hauv ib lub txiaj pauv tus nqi, them mloog mus rau lub hauv paus banker tus rhetoric thiab cov kev ua, raws li ib tug pab kho tej zaum yuav saws nyob rau hauv ib qho los mus rov qab rau pauv tus nqi thiab nullify ib tug sib teem los ntawm speculators. Piv txwv li, lub Swiss National Bank (SNB) thiab lub bank ntawm Nyiv muaj ob qho tib si intervened nyob rau hauv tsis ntev los no keeb kwm tsim loj tsiv nyob rau hauv lub txiaj ciaj uas muag. .
Cov lag luam Thiab Corporations
Loj thiab me me corporations (los ntawm me me importers / exporters rau multi-billion, multi-national corporations) koom tes nyob rau hauv Forex nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav pauv khoom thiab kev pab txawv teb chaws, hedge kev pheej hmoo, thiab them neeg ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws. Feem ntau cov tuam txhab uas muag zoo li yuav tsum tau them nyob rau hauv lawv lub tsev placebo los yog US dollars nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ua kom tiav cov muas lawv yuav tsum tau kawm kom tau txawv teb chaws txiaj los ntawm coj mus muag tsev nyiaj. Lwm yog vim li cas ib tug coj mus muag lub tuam txhab yuav koom nyob rau hauv lub Forex lag luam yog los rhuav lawv cov raug; Piv txwv, Yog hais tias lub tuam txhab yog tau txais cov nyiaj them nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej nyob rau hauv nws lub tsev txiaj, thiab hais tias txiaj tau raug depreciating, lub tuam txhab yuav mus luv luv (sell) nws lub tsev txiaj thiab mus ntev (yuav) tus lwm no nyob rau hauv tus nqi qub cov nyiaj them yuav tau txais, yog li tsis txhob pheej hmoo ntawm kev nqi fluctuation.
Hedge Nyiaj Thiab Peev Management npe
hedge Nyiaj yeej thoob ntiaj teb thiab domestic nyiaj managers, thiab lawv muaj peev xwm pauv nyob rau hauv pua pua lab, raws li lawv lub pas dej ntawm peev nyiaj zoo li yuav heev loj. Lub net khoom vaj khoom tsev tus nqi ntawm ib tug hedge yuav khiav mus rau hauv lub billions, thiab tas nrho cov cuab tam yog ntau dua tseem vim hais tias ntawm leverage thiab qiv. Cov managers nqis peev rau ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov neeg xws li nyiaj laus nyiaj, kev tuav pov hwm tuam txhab uas muag, kev sib nrig sib nyiaj, muaj nyiaj ua lag luam, tej nom tswv thiab txawm central ntug dej. Tsoom fwv-khiav peev dej hu uasovereign wealth nyiaj (SWF) tau zus sai heev nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los, ib co thawb tawm xov xwm xim ua phem kev nqis peev uas nyob rau hauv Phab ntsa Street nyiaj txiag tuam txab. Tag nrho cov hedge nyiaj tau ua si ib qho kev nce ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv nyiaj txiag ciaj uas muag nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, thiab FX nyob rau hauv particular, txij thaum lub 2000s, thiab nws yog lawv txoj kev loj hlob thiab trading kev ua si uas tso nyiaj rau yog vim li cas lawm 80% ntawm txawv teb chaws pauv muas tau ua speculative.
Txawv teb chaws pauv kom zoo dua yam zoo li liquidity leverage thiab kuj tsis tshua muaj nqi tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb peev ib puag ncig rau cov loj nyiaj koom. Lub hedge fund ya ntawm Forex tau tuaj mus rau pheev ib tug ntau dua cawv rau txiaj tiam sis thiab qhov tseem ceeb li lub sij hawm tsiv rau pem hauv ntej. Lawv yog cov chaw uas yeej tsiv mus nyob rau txiaj lag luam, yuav los yog muag loj loj nyob rau hauv nruab nrab (lim tiam) mus ntev lub sij hawm (lub hlis mus rau xyoo), thiab lawv loj loj muas tej zaum Unbalance kev ua lag luam, yuav tsum nqi kho me ntsis rau rebalance thov thiab mov. Piv txwv li, lub billionaire George Soros (Pictured saum toj no) ua nws hmoov zoo trading FX, thiab nws Quantum nyiaj tau ib tug lub koob npe nrov rau txhoj puab heev speculation vim 1990. Cov nyiaj twb liam ntawm thov siab rau cov placebo mus ncaj qha mus pab tau nws speculative tswv yim: qub Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad blamed kev saib ntawm lub Malaysian ringgit nyob rau hauv 1997 rau George Soros. George Soros tau defended hais tias nws twb yuav luag noj kom zoo dua ntawm lub npe hu weaknesses nyob rau hauv lub thoob ntiaj teb nyiaj txiag system. Lub counterargument yog hais tias muaj tej lub teb chaws thiab nws cov thawj coj yuav tsim unsustainable nyiaj txiag npuas los yog lwm yam mishandle lawv lub teb chaws kev tuav nyiaj txiaj, thiab FX speculators ua lub inevitable cev qhuav dej tshwm sim sai dua ntawd es tsis txhob ntawm nws lub hom phiaj rau nws mus nyob ua si lawm thiab ua loj.
Cov Traders
Peb cov me me traders no yog hu ua khw muag khoom traders, raws li txwv mus chaw traders, thiab tab sis yog kev koom tes nrog nyob rau hauv lub FX ua lag luam muaj ntau zog dramatically nyob rau hauv lub kawg 10 xyoo, peb tseem tsuas comprise 2% ntawm tag nrho cov FX kev ua lag luam volume, nrog ib tug nruab nrab txhua hnub luam phau ntawv uas muaj tshaj US $ 50-60 billion.
Muaj ob pab nyob rau hauv ua lub me me ntses nyob rau hauv lub loj pas dej ua ke: tus loj dua lub ntim traders ntxiv rau kev ua lag luam tus liquidity, thiab peb me me luaj li cas muab peb ntau yooj maneuver. Peb twb hais lub liquidity kom zoo dua qhov zoo tshaj: tam sim ntawd thiab pob tshab tiav. Qhov yooj zoo tshaj yuav yog nthuav kom nco ntsoov zoo li. Vim hais tias peb lub sij hawm ncej thiab peev qab ntug yog feem ntau npaum li cas luv luv, thiab peb tsis muaj muaj kev cuam tshuam rau qhov kev thov / mov equilibrium nyob hauv aggregate, peb trading qauv thiab qis tagnrho pub rau peb kom peb muaj ntau yooj nkag mus rau thiab tawm ntawm lub lag luam. Txawm li cas los, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg uas brokers thiab ntug dej feem ntau pub considerably tighter kis mus rau loj cov neeg, uas muab lawv ib tug nqi kom zoo dua peb tsis muaj.
Tam sim no uas peb tau them ib tug ua tau kom zoo dua peb muaj nyob rau hauv ua me me (ntau saj zawg zog kev nkag thiab tawm txuj), nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb mus rau ntsiab peb disadvantage: vim hais tias peb yog cov me me ntses nyob rau hauv no pas dej ua ke, tus nqi qis tshaj nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov saw nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm loj thiab sophistication, peb yog cov feem ntau yooj yim noj. 95% ntawm lub khw muag khoom traders poob. Qhov loj traders (tus ntug dej, corporations thiab hedge nyiaj) yog cov sharks nyob rau hauv cov dej, lawv yog trading hnub thiab hmo ntuj, lawv paub lub ins thiab outs ntawm cov ciaj uas muag thiab lawv noj cov tsis muaj zog. Lawv ntiav sophisticated trading tshuab uas hnia tawm lub unsophisticated traders uas muaj feem ntau yuav muab tso rau nres txiav txim ntawm cuab theem ntawm kev txhawb nqa thiab kuj. Tshiab traders feem ntau yuav ua raws li cov feem ntau nrov tsev kawm ntawv uas yog kev xav nyob rau hauv yuav tsum muaj los yog kev tsom xam, thiab kom lawv luv luv lub sij hawm directional kev tsis ncaj ncees tau feem ntau yuav pom thiab exploited los ntawm sharks. Ib txhia brokers luam tawm lawv nyob rau hauv-lub tsev ratios ntawm longs rau luv rau tej muab txiaj rau txhua lub sij hawm, hu ua sentiment, thiab txij li thaum lawv paub hais tias feem ntau lub khw muag khoom traders poob, qhov kev pom zoo yog mus pauv counter mus rau lub khw muag khoom sentiment los yog directional kev tsis ncaj ncees.
Nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim rau ib tug neeg muag cov tub luam kom tsis txhob ua ib tug neeg mus rau lub loj ntxeev siab, nws yuav tsum tsis txhob nram qab no ib yam ntawm cov tseeb los yog nrov xov xwm txheej xwm thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm kev xav. Yog hais tias nws yuav mus ua raws li leej twg, nws yuav los pab tsis tau ntxiv los ntawm ua kom taug qab tus taw ntawm lub loj players, uas yuav ua tau ntawm cov txhais lus uas sib txawv economic qhia, zoo li txhua lub limtiam cot daim ntawv qhia, uas qhia txog cov directional kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm lub loj traders rau qhov sib txawv txiaj officers.
Xwb, ib tug yuav taug qab tus taw ntawm lub loj traders los ntawm nram qab no tus nqi txiav txim rau loj lub sij hawm ncej charts. Ntau dua lub sij hawm ntas, zoo li lub plaub teev thiab hnub kab kos, qhia cov kev xa ntawm lub loj players. Xwb, ib tug yuav tau sim kom tau contrarian mus rau lub prevailing mus ob peb vas ntawm tus me players. Qhov tseeb tiag mas, koj yuav tsum tau tsim koj tus kheej trading system nrog sophisticated multi-lub sij hawm ncej cheebtsam uas muaj ib tug ntug hla ob loj thiab me me traders thiab no system yuav tsum tau hloov pauv nrog kev qhuab qhia los yog yuav tau automatized. Ntxiv rau qhov no nyob rau tom qab seem.
